Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) is a novel approach to electronic circuit manufacturing that aims to combine the best of printed and conventional electronics. 

Conductive interconnects, and as many additional components as possible, are printed onto a flexible substrate, whereas the IC (integrated circuit) is produced separately using photolithography and then mounted (usually as a bare die, without packaging). This resulting hybrid of “printed” and “placed” functionality provides the flexibility long associated with printed electronics, but with the processing capability of an integrated circuit. 

This combination of flexibility and processing capability is very desirable since it reduces weight and enables new form factors while maintaining desirable functionality such as data logging and Bluetooth connectivity. The technologies enabling this combination of attributes are identified and comprehensively evaluated in the new IDTechEx report: “Flexible Hybrid Electronics 2020-2030: Applications, Challenges, Innovations and Forecasts.”

 

FHE vs FPCB

If it’s so desirable, you may wonder why circuits with these twin capabilities haven’t been developed already. The answer is that flexible printed circuit boards (FPCBs) already provide processing capability with some flexibility. Such circuits have long been used in automotive and high-value consumer electronics applications with space constraints, such as cameras. FPCBs differ from FHE circuits in that interconnects are not printed but are instead etched from a laminated copper sheet using photolithography. Surface mount components, including packaged ICs are then soldered onto the copper interconnects. 

Benefits of FHE

So if FPCBs already exist, why bother with FHE? The simplest explanation is that by not packaging the ICs and instead of using thinned silicon dies, the entire circuit can be made thinner, lighter and more flexible. Indeed, attaching packaged ICs to FPCBs normally requires a stiffener to be included to ensure that the attachment points remain secure. Such an approach introduces challenges with handling and die attach methods, which are addressed in detail within the IDTechEx report: “Flexible Hybrid Electronics 2020-2030: Applications, Challenges, Innovations and Forecasts.”

However, at IDTechEx we believe that the potential benefits of FHE go significantly beyond this since it facilitates different manufacturing approaches and thus enables new applications. Firstly, printing rather than etching the interconnects reduces material wastage since it is additive rather than subtractive; this distinction is especially beneficial if the circuit must cover a large area with a low proportion of wiring (see schematic below). If the printing is done via digital methods, such as inkjet or aerosol, then circuit prototyping times are substantially reduced relative to conventional etching, as there is no need to design and produce masks. Such a transition to a more agile development process enables much smaller volumes of circuit boards to be economical, and even facilitates customized circuits.

From polyimide to PET

Another important distinction between FHE and FPCBs is the choice of substrate materials. In FPCBs this is normally PI (polyimide), which is very temperature resistant and thus facilitates attaching components with solder and subsequent reflow heating. With flexible hybrid, the aim is to move to far cheaper substrates such as PET (polyethylene terephthalate) that have a much lower thermal budget (stabilized PET is damaged above ~150° C). 

Such substrates preclude conventional solder for component attachment. The current solution is to use conductive adhesives, but these are likely to be replaced in some cases with low-temperature solder as this reduces the burden on precise alignment and supports large ICs with high I/O pins. Lower processing temperatures also bring other benefits such as the ability to use thermally fragile components, along with faster manufacturing and reduced energy usage.

FHE Applications

Overall, FHE is a continuation of the path from rigid PCBs to FPCBs. For high volume manufacturing of complex flexible circuits with many SMT (surface mount technology) components, FPCBs are likely to persist in the medium term, since only minimal changes to the conventional PCB manufacturing process are required. For applications with fewer SMT components, where greater flexibility is required, or where rapid prototyping is needed, FHE is likely to dominate. Furthermore, FHE circuits can potentially be manufactured using R2R (roll-to-roll) methods due to the flexibility of thinned silicon dies and are thus well suited for very high-volume production of RFID enabled sensors, enabling smart packaging applications, for example.